Kruskali algoritm

Lang L: none (table-of-contents)

Kuidas Kruskali algoritm töötab
Kruskali algoritmi näide
Kruskali algoritmi pseudokood
Pythoni, Java ja C / C ++ näited
Kruskali vs Primi algoritm
Kruskali algoritmi keerukus
Kruskali algoritmirakendused

Selles õpetuses saate teada, kuidas töötab Kruskali algoritm. Samuti leiate Kruskali algoritmi toimivaid näiteid C, C ++, Java ja Python.

Kruskali algoritm on minimaalne haarava puu algoritm, mis võtab sisendiks graafi ja leiab selle graafi servade alamhulga, mis

moodustavad puu, mis hõlmab kõiki tippe
on kõigi puude vahel, mida graafikult saab moodustada, kaalude minimaalne summa

Kuidas Kruskali algoritm töötab

See kuulub algoritmide klassi, mida nimetatakse ahneteks algoritmideks ja mis leiavad kohaliku optimaali lootuses leida ülemaailmne optimum.

Alustame kõige väiksema raskusega servadest ja jätkame servade lisamist, kuni jõuame oma eesmärgini.

Kruskali algoritmi juurutamise sammud on järgmised:

Sorteeri kõik servad väikesest kaalust suureni
Võtke kõige väiksema raskusega serv ja lisage see sirutuvale puule. Kui serva lisamine lõi tsükli, siis lükake see serv tagasi.
Jätkake servade lisamist, kuni jõuame kõigi tippudeni.

Kruskali algoritmi näide

Alustage kaalutud graafiga

Valige kõige väiksema raskusega serv, kui neid on rohkem kui 1, valige keegi.

Valige järgmine lühim serv ja lisage see

Valige järgmine lühim serv, mis ei loo tsüklit, ja lisage see

Valige järgmine lühim serv see ei loo tsüklit ja lisage see

Korrake, kuni teil on laienev puu

Kruskali algoritmi pseudokood

Mis tahes minimaalse laieneva puu algoritm keerleb selle kontrollimise ümber, kas serva lisamine loob silmuse või mitte.

Kõige tavalisem viis selle väljaselgitamiseks on algoritm nimega Union FInd. Union-Findi algoritm jagab tipud klastriteks ja võimaldab meil kontrollida, kas kaks tippu kuuluvad samasse klastrisse või mitte, ja seega otsustada, kas serva lisamine loob tsükli.

 KRUSKAL(G): A = ∅ For each vertex v ∈ G.V: MAKE-SET(v) For each edge (u, v) ∈ G.E ordered by increasing order by weight(u, v): if FIND-SET(u) ≠ FIND-SET(v): A = A ∪ ((u, v)) UNION(u, v) return A

Pythoni, Java ja C / C ++ näited

Python Java C C ++

 # Kruskal's algorithm in Python class Graph: def __init__(self, vertices): self.V = vertices self.graph = () def add_edge(self, u, v, w): self.graph.append((u, v, w)) # Search function def find(self, parent, i): if parent(i) == i: return i return self.find(parent, parent(i)) def apply_union(self, parent, rank, x, y): xroot = self.find(parent, x) yroot = self.find(parent, y) if rank(xroot) rank(yroot): parent(yroot) = xroot else: parent(yroot) = xroot rank(xroot) += 1 # Applying Kruskal algorithm def kruskal_algo(self): result = () i, e = 0, 0 self.graph = sorted(self.graph, key=lambda item: item(2)) parent = () rank = () for node in range(self.V): parent.append(node) rank.append(0) while e < self.V - 1: u, v, w = self.graph(i) i = i + 1 x = self.find(parent, u) y = self.find(parent, v) if x != y: e = e + 1 result.append((u, v, w)) self.apply_union(parent, rank, x, y) for u, v, weight in result: print("%d - %d: %d" % (u, v, weight)) g = Graph(6) g.add_edge(0, 1, 4) g.add_edge(0, 2, 4) g.add_edge(1, 2, 2) g.add_edge(1, 0, 4) g.add_edge(2, 0, 4) g.add_edge(2, 1, 2) g.add_edge(2, 3, 3) g.add_edge(2, 5, 2) g.add_edge(2, 4, 4) g.add_edge(3, 2, 3) g.add_edge(3, 4, 3) g.add_edge(4, 2, 4) g.add_edge(4, 3, 3) g.add_edge(5, 2, 2) g.add_edge(5, 4, 3) g.kruskal_algo()

 // Kruskal's algorithm in Java import java.util.*; class Graph ( class Edge implements Comparable ( int src, dest, weight; public int compareTo(Edge compareEdge) ( return this.weight - compareEdge.weight; ) ); // Union class subset ( int parent, rank; ); int vertices, edges; Edge edge(); // Graph creation Graph(int v, int e) ( vertices = v; edges = e; edge = new Edge(edges); for (int i = 0; i < e; ++i) edge(i) = new Edge(); ) int find(subset subsets(), int i) ( if (subsets(i).parent != i) subsets(i).parent = find(subsets, subsets(i).parent); return subsets(i).parent; ) void Union(subset subsets(), int x, int y) ( int xroot = find(subsets, x); int yroot = find(subsets, y); if (subsets(xroot).rank subsets(yroot).rank) subsets(yroot).parent = xroot; else ( subsets(yroot).parent = xroot; subsets(xroot).rank++; ) ) // Applying Krushkal Algorithm void KruskalAlgo() ( Edge result() = new Edge(vertices); int e = 0; int i = 0; for (i = 0; i < vertices; ++i) result(i) = new Edge(); // Sorting the edges Arrays.sort(edge); subset subsets() = new subset(vertices); for (i = 0; i < vertices; ++i) subsets(i) = new subset(); for (int v = 0; v < vertices; ++v) ( subsets(v).parent = v; subsets(v).rank = 0; ) i = 0; while (e < vertices - 1) ( Edge next_edge = new Edge(); next_edge = edge(i++); int x = find(subsets, next_edge.src); int y = find(subsets, next_edge.dest); if (x != y) ( result(e++) = next_edge; Union(subsets, x, y); ) ) for (i = 0; i < e; ++i) System.out.println(result(i).src + " - " + result(i).dest + ": " + result(i).weight); ) public static void main(String() args) ( int vertices = 6; // Number of vertices int edges = 8; // Number of edges Graph G = new Graph(vertices, edges); G.edge(0).src = 0; G.edge(0).dest = 1; G.edge(0).weight = 4; G.edge(1).src = 0; G.edge(1).dest = 2; G.edge(1).weight = 4; G.edge(2).src = 1; G.edge(2).dest = 2; G.edge(2).weight = 2; G.edge(3).src = 2; G.edge(3).dest = 3; G.edge(3).weight = 3; G.edge(4).src = 2; G.edge(4).dest = 5; G.edge(4).weight = 2; G.edge(5).src = 2; G.edge(5).dest = 4; G.edge(5).weight = 4; G.edge(6).src = 3; G.edge(6).dest = 4; G.edge(6).weight = 3; G.edge(7).src = 5; G.edge(7).dest = 4; G.edge(7).weight = 3; G.KruskalAlgo(); ) )

 // Kruskal's algorithm in C #include #define MAX 30 typedef struct edge ( int u, v, w; ) edge; typedef struct edge_list ( edge data(MAX); int n; ) edge_list; edge_list elist; int Graph(MAX)(MAX), n; edge_list spanlist; void kruskalAlgo(); int find(int belongs(), int vertexno); void applyUnion(int belongs(), int c1, int c2); void sort(); void print(); // Applying Krushkal Algo void kruskalAlgo() ( int belongs(MAX), i, j, cno1, cno2; elist.n = 0; for (i = 1; i < n; i++) for (j = 0; j < i; j++) ( if (Graph(i)(j) != 0) ( elist.data(elist.n).u = i; elist.data(elist.n).v = j; elist.data(elist.n).w = Graph(i)(j); elist.n++; ) ) sort(); for (i = 0; i < n; i++) belongs(i) = i; spanlist.n = 0; for (i = 0; i < elist.n; i++) ( cno1 = find(belongs, elist.data(i).u); cno2 = find(belongs, elist.data(i).v); if (cno1 != cno2) ( spanlist.data(spanlist.n) = elist.data(i); spanlist.n = spanlist.n + 1; applyUnion(belongs, cno1, cno2); ) ) ) int find(int belongs(), int vertexno) ( return (belongs(vertexno)); ) void applyUnion(int belongs(), int c1, int c2) ( int i; for (i = 0; i < n; i++) if (belongs(i) == c2) belongs(i) = c1; ) // Sorting algo void sort() ( int i, j; edge temp; for (i = 1; i < elist.n; i++) for (j = 0; j elist.data(j + 1).w) ( temp = elist.data(j); elist.data(j) = elist.data(j + 1); elist.data(j + 1) = temp; ) ) // Printing the result void print() ( int i, cost = 0; for (i = 0; i < spanlist.n; i++) ( printf("%d - %d : %d", spanlist.data(i).u, spanlist.data(i).v, spanlist.data(i).w); cost = cost + spanlist.data(i).w; ) printf("Spanning tree cost: %d", cost); ) int main() ( int i, j, total_cost; n = 6; Graph(0)(0) = 0; Graph(0)(1) = 4; Graph(0)(2) = 4; Graph(0)(3) = 0; Graph(0)(4) = 0; Graph(0)(5) = 0; Graph(0)(6) = 0; Graph(1)(0) = 4; Graph(1)(1) = 0; Graph(1)(2) = 2; Graph(1)(3) = 0; Graph(1)(4) = 0; Graph(1)(5) = 0; Graph(1)(6) = 0; Graph(2)(0) = 4; Graph(2)(1) = 2; Graph(2)(2) = 0; Graph(2)(3) = 3; Graph(2)(4) = 4; Graph(2)(5) = 0; Graph(2)(6) = 0; Graph(3)(0) = 0; Graph(3)(1) = 0; Graph(3)(2) = 3; Graph(3)(3) = 0; Graph(3)(4) = 3; Graph(3)(5) = 0; Graph(3)(6) = 0; Graph(4)(0) = 0; Graph(4)(1) = 0; Graph(4)(2) = 4; Graph(4)(3) = 3; Graph(4)(4) = 0; Graph(4)(5) = 0; Graph(4)(6) = 0; Graph(5)(0) = 0; Graph(5)(1) = 0; Graph(5)(2) = 2; Graph(5)(3) = 0; Graph(5)(4) = 3; Graph(5)(5) = 0; Graph(5)(6) = 0; kruskalAlgo(); print(); )

 // Kruskal's algorithm in C++ #include #include #include using namespace std; #define edge pair class Graph ( private: vector 
 G; // graph vector 
 T; // mst int *parent; int V; // number of vertices/nodes in graph public: Graph(int V); void AddWeightedEdge(int u, int v, int w); int find_set(int i); void union_set(int u, int v); void kruskal(); void print(); ); Graph::Graph(int V) ( parent = new int(V); //i 0 1 2 3 4 5 //parent(i) 0 1 2 3 4 5 for (int i = 0; i < V; i++) parent(i) = i; G.clear(); T.clear(); ) void Graph::AddWeightedEdge(int u, int v, int w) ( G.push_back(make_pair(w, edge(u, v))); ) int Graph::find_set(int i) ( // If i is the parent of itself if (i == parent(i)) return i; else // Else if i is not the parent of itself // Then i is not the representative of his set, // so we recursively call Find on its parent return find_set(parent(i)); ) void Graph::union_set(int u, int v) ( parent(u) = parent(v); ) void Graph::kruskal() ( int i, uRep, vRep; sort(G.begin(), G.end()); // increasing weight for (i = 0; i < G.size(); i++) ( uRep = find_set(G(i).second.first); vRep = find_set(G(i).second.second); if (uRep != vRep) ( T.push_back(G(i)); // add to tree union_set(uRep, vRep); ) ) ) void Graph::print() ( cout << "Edge :" << " Weight" << endl; for (int i = 0; i < T.size(); i++) ( cout << T(i).second.first << " - " << T(i).second.second << " : " << T(i).first; cout << endl; ) ) int main() ( Graph g(6); g.AddWeightedEdge(0, 1, 4); g.AddWeightedEdge(0, 2, 4); g.AddWeightedEdge(1, 2, 2); g.AddWeightedEdge(1, 0, 4); g.AddWeightedEdge(2, 0, 4); g.AddWeightedEdge(2, 1, 2); g.AddWeightedEdge(2, 3, 3); g.AddWeightedEdge(2, 5, 2); g.AddWeightedEdge(2, 4, 4); g.AddWeightedEdge(3, 2, 3); g.AddWeightedEdge(3, 4, 3); g.AddWeightedEdge(4, 2, 4); g.AddWeightedEdge(4, 3, 3); g.AddWeightedEdge(5, 2, 2); g.AddWeightedEdge(5, 4, 3); g.kruskal(); g.print(); return 0; )

Kruskali vs Primi algoritm

Primi algoritm on veel üks populaarne minimaalse ulatuva puu algoritm, mis kasutab graafiku MST leidmiseks teistsugust loogikat. Äärest alguse asemel algab Primi algoritm tipust ja lisab seni kõige väiksema kaaluga servi, mida puul pole, kuni kõik tipud on kaetud.