Kustutamine B-puust

Selles õpetuses saate teada, kuidas võtit b-puust kustutada. Samuti leiate toimivaid näiteid võtmete kustutamisest B-puust C, C ++, Java ja Python.

B-puu elemendi kustutamine koosneb kolmest põhisündmusest: sõlme otsimine, kus kustutatav võti olemas on , võtme kustutamine ja puu tasakaalustamine, kui see on vajalik.

Puu kustutamise ajal võib tekkida seisund, mida nimetatakse alavooluks . Alavool tekib siis, kui sõlm sisaldab vähem kui minimaalset võtmete arvu, mis tal peaks olema.

Enne kustutamise uurimist tuleb mõista järgmisi mõisteid:

Tellimuse eelkäija Sõlme vasakul lapsel olevat suurimat võtit nimetatakse selle tellija eelkäijaks.
Inorder jätkava
Väikseim klahvi õige laps sõlme nimetatakse selle inorder järeltulija.

Kustutustoiming

Enne allpool toodud sammude läbimist peab teadma neid fakte m- kraadise B-puu kohta .

Sõlmel võib olla maksimaalselt m last. (st 3)
Sõlm võib sisaldada maksimaalselt m - 1võtmeid. (st 2)
Sõlmel peaks olema minimaalselt ⌈m/2⌉lapsi. (st 2)
Sõlm (välja arvatud juursõlm) peaks sisaldama minimaalselt ⌈m/2⌉ - 1võtmeid. (st 1)

B-puu kustutamiseks on kolm peamist juhtumit.

I juhtum

Kustutatav võti peitub lehes. Sellel on kaks juhtumit.

Võtme kustutamine ei riku võtmete minimaalse arvu omadust, mida sõlm peaks hoidma.
Allolevas puus ei kustuta 32 kustutamine ülaltoodud omadusi. Lehevõtme (32) kustutamine B-puust
Võtme kustutamine rikub võtmete minimaalse arvu omadust, mida sõlm peaks hoidma. Sellisel juhul laename võtme selle vahetusest naabrusevennasõlmest vasakult paremale.
Kõigepealt külastage kohe vasakut õde-venda. Kui vasakul õe-venna sõlmel on rohkem kui minimaalne võtmete arv, siis laenake sellest sõlmest võti.
Muul juhul kontrollige, kas soovite laenata parempoolsest õe-venna sõlmest.
Allolevas puus 31 tulemuseks on ülaltoodud tingimus. Laename võtme vasakust õe-venna sõlmest. Lehevõtme kustutamine (31) Kui mõlemal otsesel õe-venna sõlmel on juba minimaalne arv võtmeid, siis ühendage sõlm kas vasaku või parema õe-venna sõlmega. See ühendamine toimub vanemasõlme kaudu.
30 ülaltoodud juhtumi tulemuste kustutamine.
Lehevõtme kustutamine (30)

II juhtum

Kui kustutatav võti asub siseses sõlmes, ilmnevad järgmised juhtumid.

Sisemine sõlm, mis kustutatakse, asendatakse tellitud eelkäijaga, kui vasakul lapsel on rohkem kui minimaalselt võtmeid. Sisemise sõlme kustutamine (33)
Sisemine sõlm, mis kustutatakse, asendatakse tellimusjärglasega, kui õigel lapsel on rohkem kui minimaalselt võtmeid.
Kui kummalgi lapsel on täpselt minimaalne võtmete arv, ühendage vasak ja parem laps.
Sisemise sõlme kustutamine (30) Pärast ühendamist, kui vanemsõlmel on vähem kui minimaalset võtmete arvu, otsige õdesid-vendi, nagu juhtumis I.

III juhtum

Sellisel juhul väheneb puu kõrgus. Kui sihtvõtm asub sisemises sõlmes ja võtme kustutamine toob kaasa sõlmes vähem võtmeid (st vähem kui nõutav miinimum), siis otsige üles tellija eelkäija ja järeltulija. Kui mõlemad lapsed sisaldavad minimaalset arvu võtmeid, ei saa laenu võtta. See viib II juhtumi 3 punktini, st laste ühendamiseni.

Jällegi otsige õde-venda võtme laenamiseks. Kuid kui õel-vennal on ka ainult minimaalne võtmete arv, ühendage sõlm õe ja vennaga koos vanemaga. Korraldage lapsed vastavalt (järjest kasvav järjekord).

Sisemise sõlme kustutamine (10)

Pythoni, Java ja C / C ++ näited

Python Java C C ++

 # Deleting a key on a B-tree in Python # Btree node class BTreeNode: def __init__(self, leaf=False): self.leaf = leaf self.keys = () self.child = () class BTree: def __init__(self, t): self.root = BTreeNode(True) self.t = t # Insert a key def insert(self, k): root = self.root if len(root.keys) == (2 * self.t) - 1: temp = BTreeNode() self.root = temp temp.child.insert(0, root) self.split_child(temp, 0) self.insert_non_full(temp, k) else: self.insert_non_full(root, k) # Insert non full def insert_non_full(self, x, k): i = len(x.keys) - 1 if x.leaf: x.keys.append((None, None)) while i>= 0 and k(0)  = 0 and k(0)  x.keys(i)(0): i += 1 self.insert_non_full(x.child(i), k) # Split the child def split_child(self, x, i): t = self.t y = x.child(i) z = BTreeNode(y.leaf) x.child.insert(i + 1, z) x.keys.insert(i, y.keys(t - 1)) z.keys = y.keys(t: (2 * t) - 1) y.keys = y.keys(0: t - 1) if not y.leaf: z.child = y.child(t: 2 * t) y.child = y.child(0: t - 1) # Delete a node def delete(self, x, k): t = self.t i = 0 while i x.keys(i)(0): i += 1 if x.leaf: if i < len(x.keys) and x.keys(i)(0) == k(0): x.keys.pop(i) return return if i = t: self.delete(x.child(i), k) else: if i != 0 and i + 2 = t: self.delete_sibling(x, i, i - 1) elif len(x.child(i + 1).keys)>= t: self.delete_sibling(x, i, i + 1) else: self.delete_merge(x, i, i + 1) elif i == 0: if len(x.child(i + 1).keys)>= t: self.delete_sibling(x, i, i + 1) else: self.delete_merge(x, i, i + 1) elif i + 1 == len(x.child): if len(x.child(i - 1).keys)>= t: self.delete_sibling(x, i, i - 1) else: self.delete_merge(x, i, i - 1) self.delete(x.child(i), k) # Delete internal node def delete_internal_node(self, x, k, i): t = self.t if x.leaf: if x.keys(i)(0) == k(0): x.keys.pop(i) return return if len(x.child(i).keys)>= t: x.keys(i) = self.delete_predecessor(x.child(i)) return elif len(x.child(i + 1).keys)>= t: x.keys(i) = self.delete_successor(x.child(i + 1)) return else: self.delete_merge(x, i, i + 1) self.delete_internal_node(x.child(i), k, self.t - 1) # Delete the predecessor def delete_predecessor(self, x): if x.leaf: return x.pop() n = len(x.keys) - 1 if len(x.child(n).keys)>= self.t: self.delete_sibling(x, n + 1, n) else: self.delete_merge(x, n, n + 1) self.delete_predecessor(x.child(n)) # Delete the successor def delete_successor(self, x): if x.leaf: return x.keys.pop(0) if len(x.child(1).keys)>= self.t: self.delete_sibling(x, 0, 1) else: self.delete_merge(x, 0, 1) self.delete_successor(x.child(0)) # Delete resolution def delete_merge(self, x, i, j): cnode = x.child(i) if j> i: rsnode = x.child(j) cnode.keys.append(x.keys(i)) for k in range(len(rsnode.keys)): cnode.keys.append(rsnode.keys(k)) if len(rsnode.child)> 0: cnode.child.append(rsnode.child(k)) if len(rsnode.child)> 0: cnode.child.append(rsnode.child.pop()) new = cnode x.keys.pop(i) x.child.pop(j) else: lsnode = x.child(j) lsnode.keys.append(x.keys(j)) for i in range(len(cnode.keys)): lsnode.keys.append(cnode.keys(i)) if len(lsnode.child)> 0: lsnode.child.append(cnode.child(i)) if len(lsnode.child)> 0: lsnode.child.append(cnode.child.pop()) new = lsnode x.keys.pop(j) x.child.pop(i) if x == self.root and len(x.keys) == 0: self.root = new # Delete the sibling def delete_sibling(self, x, i, j): cnode = x.child(i) if i 0: cnode.child.append(rsnode.child(0)) rsnode.child.pop(0) rsnode.keys.pop(0) else: lsnode = x.child(j) cnode.keys.insert(0, x.keys(i - 1)) x.keys(i - 1) = lsnode.keys.pop() if len(lsnode.child)> 0: cnode.child.insert(0, lsnode.child.pop()) # Print the tree def print_tree(self, x, l=0): print("Level ", l, " ", len(x.keys), end=":") for i in x.keys: print(i, end=" ") print() l += 1 if len(x.child)> 0: for i in x.child: self.print_tree(i, l) B = BTree(3) for i in range(10): B.insert((i, 2 * i)) B.print_tree(B.root) B.delete(B.root, (8,)) print("") B.print_tree(B.root)

 // Inserting a key on a B-tree in Java import java.util.Stack; public class BTree ( private int T; public class Node ( int n; int key() = new int(2 * T - 1); Node child() = new Node(2 * T); boolean leaf = true; public int Find(int k) ( for (int i = 0; i < this.n; i++) ( if (this.key(i) == k) ( return i; ) ) return -1; ); ) public BTree(int t) ( T = t; root = new Node(); root.n = 0; root.leaf = true; ) private Node root; // Search the key private Node Search(Node x, int key) ( int i = 0; if (x == null) return x; for (i = 0; i < x.n; i++) ( if (key < x.key(i)) ( break; ) if (key == x.key(i)) ( return x; ) ) if (x.leaf) ( return null; ) else ( return Search(x.child(i), key); ) ) // Split function private void Split(Node x, int pos, Node y) ( Node z = new Node(); z.leaf = y.leaf; z.n = T - 1; for (int j = 0; j < T - 1; j++) ( z.key(j) = y.key(j + T); ) if (!y.leaf) ( for (int j = 0; j = pos + 1; j--) ( x.child(j + 1) = x.child(j); ) x.child(pos + 1) = z; for (int j = x.n - 1; j>= pos; j--) ( x.key(j + 1) = x.key(j); ) x.key(pos) = y.key(T - 1); x.n = x.n + 1; ) // Insert the key public void Insert(final int key) ( Node r = root; if (r.n == 2 * T - 1) ( Node s = new Node(); root = s; s.leaf = false; s.n = 0; s.child(0) = r; Split(s, 0, r); _Insert(s, key); ) else ( _Insert(r, key); ) ) // Insert the node final private void _Insert(Node x, int k) ( if (x.leaf) ( int i = 0; for (i = x.n - 1; i>= 0 && k  = 0 && k x.key(i)) ( i++; ) ) _Insert(x.child(i), k); ) ) public void Show() ( Show(root); ) private void Remove(Node x, int key) ( int pos = x.Find(key); if (pos != -1) ( if (x.leaf) ( int i = 0; for (i = 0; i < x.n && x.key(i) != key; i++) ( ) ; for (; i = T) ( for (;;) ( if (pred.leaf) ( System.out.println(pred.n); predKey = pred.key(pred.n - 1); break; ) else ( pred = pred.child(pred.n); ) ) Remove(pred, predKey); x.key(pos) = predKey; return; ) Node nextNode = x.child(pos + 1); if (nextNode.n>= T) ( int nextKey = nextNode.key(0); if (!nextNode.leaf) ( nextNode = nextNode.child(0); for (;;) ( if (nextNode.leaf) ( nextKey = nextNode.key(nextNode.n - 1); break; ) else ( nextNode = nextNode.child(nextNode.n); ) ) ) Remove(nextNode, nextKey); x.key(pos) = nextKey; return; ) int temp = pred.n + 1; pred.key(pred.n++) = x.key(pos); for (int i = 0, j = pred.n; i < nextNode.n; i++) ( pred.key(j++) = nextNode.key(i); pred.n++; ) for (int i = 0; i < nextNode.n + 1; i++) ( pred.child(temp++) = nextNode.child(i); ) x.child(pos) = pred; for (int i = pos; i < x.n; i++) ( if (i != 2 * T - 2) ( x.key(i) = x.key(i + 1); ) ) for (int i = pos + 1; i < x.n + 1; i++) ( if (i != 2 * T - 1) ( x.child(i) = x.child(i + 1); ) ) x.n--; if (x.n == 0) ( if (x == root) ( root = x.child(0); ) x = x.child(0); ) Remove(pred, key); return; ) ) else ( for (pos = 0; pos key) ( break; ) ) Node tmp = x.child(pos); if (tmp.n>= T) ( Remove(tmp, key); return; ) if (true) ( Node nb = null; int devider = -1; if (pos != x.n && x.child(pos + 1).n>= T) ( devider = x.key(pos); nb = x.child(pos + 1); x.key(pos) = nb.key(0); tmp.key(tmp.n++) = devider; tmp.child(tmp.n) = nb.child(0); for (int i = 1; i < nb.n; i++) ( nb.key(i - 1) = nb.key(i); ) for (int i = 1; i = T) ( devider = x.key(pos - 1); nb = x.child(pos - 1); x.key(pos - 1) = nb.key(nb.n - 1); Node child = nb.child(nb.n); nb.n--; for (int i = tmp.n; i> 0; i--) ( tmp.key(i) = tmp.key(i - 1); ) tmp.key(0) = devider; for (int i = tmp.n + 1; i> 0; i--) ( tmp.child(i) = tmp.child(i - 1); ) tmp.child(0) = child; tmp.n++; Remove(tmp, key); return; ) else ( Node lt = null; Node rt = null; boolean last = false; if (pos != x.n) ( devider = x.key(pos); lt = x.child(pos); rt = x.child(pos + 1); ) else ( devider = x.key(pos - 1); rt = x.child(pos); lt = x.child(pos - 1); last = true; pos--; ) for (int i = pos; i < x.n - 1; i++) ( x.key(i) = x.key(i + 1); ) for (int i = pos + 1; i < x.n; i++) ( x.child(i) = x.child(i + 1); ) x.n--; lt.key(lt.n++) = devider; for (int i = 0, j = lt.n; i < rt.n + 1; i++, j++) ( if (i < rt.n) ( lt.key(j) = rt.key(i); ) lt.child(j) = rt.child(i); ) lt.n += rt.n; if (x.n == 0) ( if (x == root) ( root = x.child(0); ) x = x.child(0); ) Remove(lt, key); return; ) ) ) ) public void Remove(int key) ( Node x = Search(root, key); if (x == null) ( return; ) Remove(root, key); ) public void Task(int a, int b) ( Stack st = new Stack(); FindKeys(a, b, root, st); while (st.isEmpty() == false) ( this.Remove(root, st.pop()); ) ) private void FindKeys(int a, int b, Node x, Stack st) ( int i = 0; for (i = 0; i < x.n && x.key(i) a) ( st.push(x.key(i)); ) ) if (!x.leaf) ( for (int j = 0; j < i + 1; j++) ( FindKeys(a, b, x.child(j), st); ) ) ) public boolean Contain(int k) ( if (this.Search(root, k) != null) ( return true; ) else ( return false; ) ) // Show the node private void Show(Node x) ( assert (x == null); for (int i = 0; i < x.n; i++) ( System.out.print(x.key(i) + " "); ) if (!x.leaf) ( for (int i = 0; i < x.n + 1; i++) ( Show(x.child(i)); ) ) ) public static void main(String() args) ( BTree b = new BTree(3); b.Insert(8); b.Insert(9); b.Insert(10); b.Insert(11); b.Insert(15); b.Insert(20); b.Insert(17); b.Show(); b.Remove(10); System.out.println(); b.Show(); ) )

 // Deleting a key from a B-tree in C #include #include #define MAX 3 #define MIN 2 struct BTreeNode ( int item(MAX + 1), count; struct BTreeNode *linker(MAX + 1); ); struct BTreeNode *root; // Node creation struct BTreeNode *createNode(int item, struct BTreeNode *child) ( struct BTreeNode *newNode; newNode = (struct BTreeNode *)malloc(sizeof(struct BTreeNode)); newNode->item(1) = item; newNode->count = 1; newNode->linker(0) = root; newNode->linker(1) = child; return newNode; ) // Add value to the node void addValToNode(int item, int pos, struct BTreeNode *node, struct BTreeNode *child) ( int j = node->count; while (j> pos) ( node->item(j + 1) = node->item(j); node->linker(j + 1) = node->linker(j); j--; ) node->item(j + 1) = item; node->linker(j + 1) = child; node->count++; ) // Split the node void splitNode(int item, int *pval, int pos, struct BTreeNode *node, struct BTreeNode *child, struct BTreeNode **newNode) ( int median, j; if (pos> MIN) median = MIN + 1; else median = MIN; *newNode = (struct BTreeNode *)malloc(sizeof(struct BTreeNode)); j = median + 1; while (j item(j - median) = node->item(j); (*newNode)->linker(j - median) = node->linker(j); j++; ) node->count = median; (*newNode)->count = MAX - median; if (pos item(node->count); (*newNode)->linker(0) = node->linker(node->count); node->count--; ) // Set the value in the node int setValueInNode(int item, int *pval, struct BTreeNode *node, struct BTreeNode **child) ( int pos; if (!node) ( *pval = item; *child = NULL; return 1; ) if (item item(1)) ( pos = 0; ) else ( for (pos = node->count; (item item(pos) && pos> 1); pos--) ; if (item == node->item(pos)) ( printf("Duplicates not allowed"); return 0; ) ) if (setValueInNode(item, pval, node->linker(pos), child)) ( if (node->count linker(pos); for (; dummy->linker(0) != NULL;) dummy = dummy->linker(0); myNode->item(pos) = dummy->item(1); ) // Remove the value void removeVal(struct BTreeNode *myNode, int pos) ( int i = pos + 1; while (i count) ( myNode->item(i - 1) = myNode->item(i); myNode->linker(i - 1) = myNode->linker(i); i++; ) myNode->count--; ) // Do right shift void rightShift(struct BTreeNode *myNode, int pos) ( struct BTreeNode *x = myNode->linker(pos); int j = x->count; while (j> 0) ( x->item(j + 1) = x->item(j); x->linker(j + 1) = x->linker(j); ) x->item(1) = myNode->item(pos); x->linker(1) = x->linker(0); x->count++; x = myNode->linker(pos - 1); myNode->item(pos) = x->item(x->count); myNode->linker(pos) = x->linker(x->count); x->count--; return; ) // Do left shift void leftShift(struct BTreeNode *myNode, int pos) ( int j = 1; struct BTreeNode *x = myNode->linker(pos - 1); x->count++; x->item(x->count) = myNode->item(pos); x->linker(x->count) = myNode->linker(pos)->linker(0); x = myNode->linker(pos); myNode->item(pos) = x->item(1); x->linker(0) = x->linker(1); x->count--; while (j count) ( x->item(j) = x->item(j + 1); x->linker(j) = x->linker(j + 1); j++; ) return; ) // Merge the nodes void mergeNodes(struct BTreeNode *myNode, int pos) ( int j = 1; struct BTreeNode *x1 = myNode->linker(pos), *x2 = myNode->linker(pos - 1); x2->count++; x2->item(x2->count) = myNode->item(pos); x2->linker(x2->count) = myNode->linker(0); while (j count) ( x2->count++; x2->item(x2->count) = x1->item(j); x2->linker(x2->count) = x1->linker(j); j++; ) j = pos; while (j count) ( myNode->item(j) = myNode->item(j + 1); myNode->linker(j) = myNode->linker(j + 1); j++; ) myNode->count--; free(x1); ) // Adjust the node void adjustNode(struct BTreeNode *myNode, int pos) ( if (!pos) ( if (myNode->linker(1)->count> MIN) ( leftShift(myNode, 1); ) else ( mergeNodes(myNode, 1); ) ) else ( if (myNode->count != pos) ( if (myNode->linker(pos - 1)->count> MIN) ( rightShift(myNode, pos); ) else ( if (myNode->linker(pos + 1)->count> MIN) ( leftShift(myNode, pos + 1); ) else ( mergeNodes(myNode, pos); ) ) ) else ( if (myNode->linker(pos - 1)->count> MIN) rightShift(myNode, pos); else mergeNodes(myNode, pos); ) ) ) // Delete a value from the node int delValFromNode(int item, struct BTreeNode *myNode) ( int pos, flag = 0; if (myNode) ( if (item item(1)) ( pos = 0; flag = 0; ) else ( for (pos = myNode->count; (item item(pos) && pos> 1); pos--) ; if (item == myNode->item(pos)) ( flag = 1; ) else ( flag = 0; ) ) if (flag) ( if (myNode->linker(pos - 1)) ( copySuccessor(myNode, pos); flag = delValFromNode(myNode->item(pos), myNode->linker(pos)); if (flag == 0) ( printf("Given data is not present in B-Tree"); ) ) else ( removeVal(myNode, pos); ) ) else ( flag = delValFromNode(item, myNode->linker(pos)); ) if (myNode->linker(pos)) ( if (myNode->linker(pos)->count count == 0) ( tmp = myNode; myNode = myNode->linker(0); free(tmp); ) ) root = myNode; return; ) void searching(int item, int *pos, struct BTreeNode *myNode) ( if (!myNode) ( return; ) if (item item(1)) ( *pos = 0; ) else ( for (*pos = myNode->count; (item item(*pos) && *pos> 1); (*pos)--) ; if (item == myNode->item(*pos)) ( printf("%d present in B-tree", item); return; ) ) searching(item, pos, myNode->linker(*pos)); return; ) void traversal(struct BTreeNode *myNode) ( int i; if (myNode) ( for (i = 0; i count; i++) ( traversal(myNode->linker(i)); printf("%d ", myNode->item(i + 1)); ) traversal(myNode->linker(i)); ) ) int main() ( int item, ch; insertion(8); insertion(9); insertion(10); insertion(11); insertion(15); insertion(16); insertion(17); insertion(18); insertion(20); insertion(23); traversal(root); delete (20, root); printf(""); traversal(root); )

 // Deleting a key from a B-tree in C++ #include using namespace std; class BTreeNode ( int *keys; int t; BTreeNode **C; int n; bool leaf; public: BTreeNode(int _t, bool _leaf); void traverse(); int findKey(int k); void insertNonFull(int k); void splitChild(int i, BTreeNode *y); void deletion(int k); void removeFromLeaf(int idx); void removeFromNonLeaf(int idx); int getPredecessor(int idx); int getSuccessor(int idx); void fill(int idx); void borrowFromPrev(int idx); void borrowFromNext(int idx); void merge(int idx); friend class BTree; ); class BTree ( BTreeNode *root; int t; public: BTree(int _t) ( root = NULL; t = _t; ) void traverse() ( if (root != NULL) root->traverse(); ) void insertion(int k); void deletion(int k); ); // B tree node BTreeNode::BTreeNode(int t1, bool leaf1) ( t = t1; leaf = leaf1; keys = new int(2 * t - 1); C = new BTreeNode *(2 * t); n = 0; ) // Find the key int BTreeNode::findKey(int k) ( int idx = 0; while (idx < n && keys(idx) < k) ++idx; return idx; ) // Deletion operation void BTreeNode::deletion(int k) ( int idx = findKey(k); if (idx < n && keys(idx) == k) ( if (leaf) removeFromLeaf(idx); else removeFromNonLeaf(idx); ) else ( if (leaf) ( cout << "The key " << k  deletion(k); else C(idx)->deletion(k); ) return; ) // Remove from the leaf void BTreeNode::removeFromLeaf(int idx) ( for (int i = idx + 1; i n>= t) ( int pred = getPredecessor(idx); keys(idx) = pred; C(idx)->deletion(pred); ) else if (C(idx + 1)->n>= t) ( int succ = getSuccessor(idx); keys(idx) = succ; C(idx + 1)->deletion(succ); ) else ( merge(idx); C(idx)->deletion(k); ) return; ) int BTreeNode::getPredecessor(int idx) ( BTreeNode *cur = C(idx); while (!cur->leaf) cur = cur->C(cur->n); return cur->keys(cur->n - 1); ) int BTreeNode::getSuccessor(int idx) ( BTreeNode *cur = C(idx + 1); while (!cur->leaf) cur = cur->C(0); return cur->keys(0); ) void BTreeNode::fill(int idx) ( if (idx != 0 && C(idx - 1)->n>= t) borrowFromPrev(idx); else if (idx != n && C(idx + 1)->n>= t) borrowFromNext(idx); else ( if (idx != n) merge(idx); else merge(idx - 1); ) return; ) // Borrow from previous void BTreeNode::borrowFromPrev(int idx) ( BTreeNode *child = C(idx); BTreeNode *sibling = C(idx - 1); for (int i = child->n - 1; i>= 0; --i) child->keys(i + 1) = child->keys(i); if (!child->leaf) ( for (int i = child->n; i>= 0; --i) child->C(i + 1) = child->C(i); ) child->keys(0) = keys(idx - 1); if (!child->leaf) child->C(0) = sibling->C(sibling->n); keys(idx - 1) = sibling->keys(sibling->n - 1); child->n += 1; sibling->n -= 1; return; ) // Borrow from the next void BTreeNode::borrowFromNext(int idx) ( BTreeNode *child = C(idx); BTreeNode *sibling = C(idx + 1); child->keys((child->n)) = keys(idx); if (!(child->leaf)) child->C((child->n) + 1) = sibling->C(0); keys(idx) = sibling->keys(0); for (int i = 1; i n; ++i) sibling->keys(i - 1) = sibling->keys(i); if (!sibling->leaf) ( for (int i = 1; i n; ++i) sibling->C(i - 1) = sibling->C(i); ) child->n += 1; sibling->n -= 1; return; ) // Merge void BTreeNode::merge(int idx) ( BTreeNode *child = C(idx); BTreeNode *sibling = C(idx + 1); child->keys(t - 1) = keys(idx); for (int i = 0; i n; ++i) child->keys(i + t) = sibling->keys(i); if (!child->leaf) ( for (int i = 0; i n; ++i) child->C(i + t) = sibling->C(i); ) for (int i = idx + 1; i < n; ++i) keys(i - 1) = keys(i); for (int i = idx + 2; i n += sibling->n + 1; n--; delete (sibling); return; ) // Insertion operation void BTree::insertion(int k) ( if (root == NULL) ( root = new BTreeNode(t, true); root->keys(0) = k; root->n = 1; ) else ( if (root->n == 2 * t - 1) ( BTreeNode *s = new BTreeNode(t, false); s->C(0) = root; s->splitChild(0, root); int i = 0; if (s->keys(0) C(i)->insertNonFull(k); root = s; ) else root->insertNonFull(k); ) ) // Insertion non full void BTreeNode::insertNonFull(int k) ( int i = n - 1; if (leaf == true) ( while (i>= 0 && keys(i)> k) ( keys(i + 1) = keys(i); i--; ) keys(i + 1) = k; n = n + 1; ) else ( while (i>= 0 && keys(i)> k) i--; if (C(i + 1)->n == 2 * t - 1) ( splitChild(i + 1, C(i + 1)); if (keys(i + 1) insertNonFull(k); ) ) // Split child void BTreeNode::splitChild(int i, BTreeNode *y) ( BTreeNode *z = new BTreeNode(y->t, y->leaf); z->n = t - 1; for (int j = 0; j keys(j) = y->keys(j + t); if (y->leaf == false) ( for (int j = 0; j C(j) = y->C(j + t); ) y->n = t - 1; for (int j = n; j>= i + 1; j--) C(j + 1) = C(j); C(i + 1) = z; for (int j = n - 1; j>= i; j--) keys(j + 1) = keys(j); keys(i) = y->keys(t - 1); n = n + 1; ) // Traverse void BTreeNode::traverse() ( int i; for (i = 0; i traverse(); cout << " " 
 n == 0) ( BTreeNode *tmp = root; if (root->leaf) root = NULL; else root = root->C(0); delete tmp; ) return; ) int main() ( BTree t(3); t.insertion(8); t.insertion(9); t.insertion(10); t.insertion(11); t.insertion(15); t.insertion(16); t.insertion(17); t.insertion(18); t.insertion(20); t.insertion(23); cout << "The B-tree is: "; t.traverse(); t.deletion(20); cout << "The B-tree is: "; t.traverse(); )